African nations experience political shifts in 2023

October’s events in Tanzania highlighted tensions shaping African politics. Demonstrators protesting a disputed election were shot by police, shattering the country’s reputation for stability. President Samia Suluhu Hassan was elected with 98% of the vote after opposition candidates were barred or imprisoned.

Political Instability Across Africa

Several African countries experienced protests and election disputes in 2025. Military leaders consolidated power in others, suggesting potential for further upheaval in the coming year. According to the Mo Ibrahim Foundation, progress in governance, including security, participation, and health and education, has stalled compared to the decade up to 2022. The foundation attributes this to a broader breakdown between governments and their people, exacerbated by rising living costs.

Election Results and Shifts in Power

Despite these challenges, some countries saw peaceful transfers of power and free and fair elections. Malawi saw Peter Mutharika win back the presidency, while Seychelles’ United Seychelles party returned to office. These results followed setbacks for ruling parties in South Africa, where the African National Congress lost its majority, and in Senegal, where a barred opposition leader led to the election of a relative unknown. However, military takeovers in Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso demonstrate a shift towards authoritarianism in West Africa.

Demographic Pressures and Youth Discontent

Analysts point to demographics as a driver of tension, noting that Africa has the youngest population but also some of the world’s oldest leaders. Social media is empowering a younger generation demanding to be heard. In Cameroon, President Paul Biya, who has held office for 43 years, was sworn in for an eighth term despite concerns about the fairness of the election and ongoing protests.

Lessons from Madagascar and Future Outlook

Protests in Cameroon and Tanzania did not immediately lead to change, but Madagascar’s experience offers a potential model. Weeks of youth-led protests forced the president to sack his cabinet and ultimately led to his removal from power. Analysts believe African governments must respond to the demands of their electorate. Geopolitical shifts, with Western governments distracted by other crises, have also given African governments more leeway to pursue authoritarian policies. The upcoming election in Uganda, where President Yoweri Museveni seeks another term, will be a key test. Ultimately, governments that listen to and address the concerns of their young populations are more likely to maintain stability.