Internet shutdowns hinder Africa’s digital economy growth

Africa faces significant challenges due to the increasing frequency of internet shutdowns, impacting democratic governance and economic development. These disruptions are particularly prevalent during politically sensitive periods and are raising concerns among international organizations.

UNESCO has expressed alarm over the rising number of government-imposed internet shutdowns, emphasizing that access to the internet is crucial for freedom of expression and democratic rights. The agency urges governments to prioritize connectivity and digital resilience over restrictive measures.

Global Trends and Africa’s Role

Data from Access Now indicates that at least 300 internet shutdowns were recorded across more than 54 countries in the last two years, with 2024 being the most severe year for shutdowns globally since 2016. This trend has continued into 2026, with multiple countries enforcing connectivity disruptions during mass demonstrations and electoral processes.

Economic Impact in Sub-Saharan Africa

The Global Cost of Internet Shutdowns 2024 report by Top10VPN estimates that shutdowns and social media restrictions caused USD 1.56 billion in economic losses across sub-Saharan Africa in 2024. While a slight decrease from the USD 1.74 billion in 2023, the figure still highlights the persistent negative impact on digital growth.

Sub-Saharan Africa experienced a cumulative 32,938 hours of internet downtime in 2024, affecting approximately 111.2 million users. Sudan was the most affected country, accounting for nearly 72% of the region’s total losses, with prolonged shutdowns linked to conflict causing an estimated USD 1.12 billion in economic damage. Ethiopia and Kenya also experienced notable losses—USD 211.2 million and USD 75 million respectively—due to security challenges, protests, and information control.

Justifications and Consequences of Shutdowns

Governments often justify internet shutdowns on grounds of national security, public order, or curbing disinformation. These measures typically involve blocking social media platforms, slowing internet speeds, or imposing nationwide blackouts, disrupting essential services like digital commerce, mobile banking, online education, and civic organization.

UNESCO warns that shutdowns weaken independent media, obstruct journalists’ work, and can paradoxically encourage the spread of rumors. They also infringe on fundamental rights, including access to education, freedom of assembly, and public participation, while eroding trust in digital spaces.

Digital Transformation and Future Outlook

As many African governments promote digital transformation for economic growth and modernization, recurring connectivity disruptions pose a significant obstacle. Top10VPN’s methodology demonstrates that shutdowns result in lost revenue for businesses, telecom operators, and governments, further weakening economies. International organizations and civil society are calling on African states to reassess the long-term costs of internet shutdowns and align digital governance with commitments to economic development, democratic participation, and human rights.